Planets and their moons: JPL ephemeris files¶

Choosing an Ephemeris¶

Here are the most popular general-purpose ephemeris files, from the JPL’s famous “DE” Development Ephemeris series.

You can find even more ephemeris files on the Internet at the various Ephemeris download links listed near the bottom of this page.

How can you choose the right ephemeris for your project?

1. Make sure that the planets, moons, or other bodies you want to observe are among the targets supported by the ephemeris. See Listing the targets that an ephemeris supports below if you want to download ephemeris files and examine their contents yourself. Some online ephemeris directories include an index that lists the content of each ephemeris in the directory; look for a file with a name like README.txt or aa_summaries.txt.

2. Choose the shortest ephemeris that will cover the dates your project needs. Not only will a shorter file save download time and disk space, but the most recent short-term ephemerides DE430 and DE440 are more accurate than their long-term counterparts DE431 and DE441 because the shorter files include the effect of the Moon’s liquid core, an effect that’s “not suitable for backward integration of more than a few centuries.”

   If you need a specific range of ancient dates but find a long-term ephemeris too large, read the section below about Making an excerpt of an ephemeris — you should be able to generate a smaller file that includes only the range of dates you need.

3. The most recent ephemeris files should be the most accurate because they are built using the highest accuracy data from humankind’s telescopes and spacecraft.

Note that ephemeris files don’t provide numbers for how accurate their planet positions are. Sometimes you can find ballpark estimates of accuracy in an ephemeris file’s official report. The report The Planetary and Lunar Ephemerides DE430 and DE431, for example, states that:

• “The orbits of the inner planets are known to subkilometer accuracy”
• “an accuracy of 0″.0002 … is the limiting error source for the orbits of the terrestrial planets, and corresponds to orbit uncertainties of a few hundred meters.”
• “The orbits of Jupiter and Saturn are determined to accuracies of tens of kilometers”
• “Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto … observations … limit position accuracies to several thousand kilometers.”

You can find links to the various ephemeris reports in the Ephemeris bibliography at the bottom of this page. Some ephemeris files also have a built-in text summary you can print to the screen:

print(planets.spk.daf.comments())

; de421.bsp LOG FILE
;
; Created 2008-02-12/11:33:34.00.
...

The more recent ephemeris files tend to have the most informative comment texts.

I myself use DE421 and DE422 because they’re small, accurate, and cover long enough time periods for all of my projects. When the time comes to upgrade, I’ll probably move next to DE440; its short-term de440s.bsp file is especially attractive because it’s only twice the size of DE421 while delivering higher accuracy plus an extra century of data.

To find out what difference the choice of ephemeris makes, simply run a sample calculation with one ephemeris then again using another. The difference will usually be far below the resolution of your instruments unless (a) you’re doing radio astronomy or (b) you’re planning to place an actual payload in orbit around the target body.

Listing the targets that an ephemeris supports¶

You can use print() to check whether an ephemeris lists a specific planet or moon. Here, for example, are the targets supported by DE421:

print(planets)

SPICE kernel file 'de421.bsp' has 15 segments
  JD 2414864.50 - JD 2471184.50  (1899-07-28 through 2053-10-08)
      0 -> 1    SOLAR SYSTEM BARYCENTER -> MERCURY BARYCENTER
      0 -> 2    SOLAR SYSTEM BARYCENTER -> VENUS BARYCENTER
      0 -> 3    SOLAR SYSTEM BARYCENTER -> EARTH BARYCENTER
      0 -> 4    SOLAR SYSTEM BARYCENTER -> MARS BARYCENTER
      0 -> 5    SOLAR SYSTEM BARYCENTER -> JUPITER BARYCENTER
      0 -> 6    SOLAR SYSTEM BARYCENTER -> SATURN BARYCENTER
      0 -> 7    SOLAR SYSTEM BARYCENTER -> URANUS BARYCENTER
      0 -> 8    SOLAR SYSTEM BARYCENTER -> NEPTUNE BARYCENTER
      0 -> 9    SOLAR SYSTEM BARYCENTER -> PLUTO BARYCENTER
      0 -> 10   SOLAR SYSTEM BARYCENTER -> SUN
      3 -> 301  EARTH BARYCENTER -> MOON
      3 -> 399  EARTH BARYCENTER -> EARTH
      1 -> 199  MERCURY BARYCENTER -> MERCURY
      2 -> 299  VENUS BARYCENTER -> VENUS
      4 -> 499  MARS BARYCENTER -> MARS

Skyfield can generate positions for any body that an ephemeris links to target zero, the Solar System barycenter. For example, DE421 — as you can see above — provides a segment directly linking the Solar System barycenter with the Sun:

sun = planets['Sun']
print(sun)

'de421.bsp' segment 0 SOLAR SYSTEM BARYCENTER -> 10 SUN

By contrast, generating a position for the Moon with DE421 requires Skyfield to add together two segments behind the scenes. The first segment provides the position of the Earth-Moon center of gravity, while the second segment provides the offset from there to the Moon.

moon = planets['Moon']
print(moon)

Sum of 2 vectors:
 'de421.bsp' segment 0 SOLAR SYSTEM BARYCENTER -> 3 EARTH BARYCENTER
 'de421.bsp' segment 3 EARTH BARYCENTER -> 301 MOON

Note that most planets are so massive compared to their moons that you can ignore the difference between the planet and its system barycenter. If you want to observe Mars or Jupiter from elsewhere in the Solar System, just ask for the Mars Barycenter or Jupiter Barycenter position instead. The Earth-Moon system is unusual for featuring a satellite with so much mass — though even in that case, their common barycenter is always inside the Earth. Only Pluto has a satellite so massive and so distant that the Pluto-Charon barycenter is in space between them.

Making an excerpt of an ephemeris¶

Several of the ephemeris files listed below are very large. While most programmers will follow the example above and use DE421, if you wish to go beyond its 150-year period you will need a larger ephemeris. And programmers interested in the moons of Jupiter will need JUP310, which weighs in at nearly a gigabyte.

What if you need data from a very large ephemeris, but don’t require its entire time span?

When you installed Skyfield another library named jplephem will have been installed. When invoked from the command line, it can build an excerpt of a larger ephemeris without needing to download the entire file, thanks to the fact that HTTP supports a Range: header that asks for only specific bytes of a file. For example, let’s pull two weeks of data for Jupiter’s moons (using a shell variable $u for the URL only to make the command less wide here on the screen and easier to read):

$ u=https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/spk/satellites/jup310.bsp
$ python -m jplephem excerpt 2018/1/1 2018/1/15 $u jup_excerpt.bsp

The resulting file jup_excerpt.bsp weighs in at only 0.2 MB instead of 932 MB but supports all of the same objects as the original JUP310 over the given two-week period:

$ python -m jplephem spk jup_excerpt.bsp
File type DAF/SPK and format LTL-IEEE with 13 segments:
2458119.75..2458210.50  Jupiter Barycenter (5) -> Io (501)
2458119.50..2458210.50  Jupiter Barycenter (5) -> Europa (502)
2458119.00..2458210.50  Jupiter Barycenter (5) -> Ganymede (503)
2458119.00..2458210.50  Jupiter Barycenter (5) -> Callisto (504)
...

You can load and use it directly off of disk with load_file().

Closing the ephemeris file automatically¶

If you need to close files as you finish using them instead of waiting until the application exits, each Skyfield ephemeris offers a close() method. You can either call it manually, or use Python’s closing() context manager to call close() automatically when a block of code finishes:

from contextlib import closing

ts = load.timescale()
t = ts.J2000

with closing(planets):
    planets['venus'].at(t)  # Ephemeris can be used here

Type 1 and Type 21 ephemeris formats¶

If you generate an ephemeris with a tool like NASA’s HORIZONS system, it might be in a format not yet natively supported by Skyfield. The first obstacle to opening the ephemeris might be its lack of a recognized suffix:

load('wld23593.15')

Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
ValueError: Skyfield does not know how to open a file named 'wld23593.15'

A workaround for the unusual filename extension is to open the file manually using Skyfield’s JPL ephemeris support. The next obstacle, however, will be a lack of support for Type 21 ephemerides in Skyfield:

from skyfield.jpllib import SpiceKernel
kernel = SpiceKernel('wld23593.15')

Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
ValueError: SPK data type 21 not yet supported

Older files with a similar format might instead generate the complaint “SPK data type 1 not yet supported.”

Happily, thanks to Shushi Uetsuki, a pair of third-party libraries exist that offer preliminary support for Type 1 and Type 21 ephemerides!

• https://pypi.org/project/spktype01/
• https://pypi.org/project/spktype21/

Their documentation already includes examples of generating raw coordinates, but many Skyfield users will want to use them in conjunction with standard Skyfield methods like observe(). To integrate them with the rest of Skyfield, you will want to define a new vector function class that calls the third-party module to generate coordinates:

from skyfield.constants import AU_KM
from skyfield.vectorlib import VectorFunction
from spktype21 import SPKType21

t = ts.utc(2020, 6, 9)

eph = load('de421.bsp')
earth = eph['earth']

class Type21Object(VectorFunction):
    def __init__(self, kernel, target):
        self.kernel = kernel
        self.center = 0
        self.target = target

    def _at(self, t):
        k = self.kernel
        r, v = k.compute_type21(0, self.target, t.whole, t.tdb_fraction)
        return r / AU_KM, v / AU_KM, None, None

kernel = SPKType21.open('wld23593.15')
chiron = Type21Object(kernel, 2002060)

ra, dec, distance = earth.at(t).observe(chiron).radec()
print(ra)
print(dec)

00h 27m 38.99s
+05deg 57' 08.9"

Hopefully this third-party support for Type 1 and Type 23 SPK ephemeris segments will be sufficient for projects that need them, until there is time for a Skyfield contributor to integrate such support into Skyfield itself.

Ephemeris download links¶

Skyfield knows a URL for each of the most popular ephemeris files — so you can simply load('de421.bsp') and Skyfield will know where to download the file if you don’t already have it on disk. But for more obscure ephemeris files you might need to give load() the full URL instead.

Here are some common sites from which you can download official ephemeris files:

• For planets:

  ftp://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/eph/planets/bsp/

  https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/spk/planets/

• For planet moons:

  ftp://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/eph/satellites/bsp/

  https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/generic_kernels/spk/satellites/

Ephemeris bibliography¶

DE405 / DE406

• JPL Planetary and Lunar Ephemerides, DE405/LE405 (Standish 1998)
• Check on JPL DE405 using modern optical observations (Morrison and Evans 1998)
• CCD Positions for the Outer Planets in 1996–1997 Determined in the Extragalactic Reference Frame (Stone 1998)
• Astrometry of Pluto and Saturn with the CCD meridian instruments of Bordeaux and Valinhos (Rapaport, Teixeira, Le Campion, Ducourant1, Camargo, Benevides-Soares 2002)

DE421

• The Planetary and Lunar Ephemeris DE421 (Folkner, Williams, Boggs 2009)

DE430 / DE431

• The Planetary and Lunar Ephemerides DE430 and DE431 (Folkner, Williams, Boggs, Park, Kuchynka 2014)
• DE430 Lunar Orbit, Physical Librations and Surface Coordinates (Williams, Boggs, Folkner 2013)

DE440 / DE441

• The JPL Planetary and Lunar Ephemerides DE440 and DE441 (Park, Folkner, Williams, and Boggs 2021)

Analysis mentioning several ephemerides

• Modeling the Uncertainties of Solar-System Ephemerides for Robust Gravitational-Wave Searches with Pulsar Timing Arrays (The NANOGrav Collaboration 2020)

File format .bsp documentation

• SPICE toolkit: SPK Required Reading (describes .bsp files)
• SPICE toolkit: Double Precision Array Files (DAF) (describes binary format)